Translation - Definition and Examples

The word translation can be defined as: The process of turning an original or source text into a text in another language.A translated version of a text. An individual or a computer program that renders a text into another language is called a translator. The discipline concerned with issues related to the production of translations is called translation studies.  The etymology is from the Latin, translat-  carried across Examples and Observations Intralingual translation - translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase;Interlingual translation - translation from one language to another, andIntersemiotic translation - translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign, for example, music or image.Three Types of Translation: In his seminal paper, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation (Jacobson 1959/2000. see Section B, Text B1.1), the Russo-American linguist Roman Jakobson makes a very important distinction between three types of written translation: Only the second category, interlingual translation, is deemed translation proper by Jakobson. (Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. Routledge, 2005)Translation is like a woman. If it is beautiful, it is not faithful. If it is faithful, it is most certainly not beautiful. (attributed to Yevgeny Yevtushenko, among others). (Literal or word-for-word attempts can result in some amusing translation fails).   Translation and Style ï » ¿To translate, one must have a style of his own, for otherwise, the translation will have no rhythm or nuance, which come from the process of artistically thinking through and molding the sentences; they cannot be reconstituted by piecemeal imitation. The problem of translation is to retreat to a simpler tenor of ones own style and creatively adjust this to ones author. (Paul Goodman, Five Years: Thoughts During a Useless Time, 1969) The Illusion of Transparency A translated text, whether prose or poetry, fiction or nonfiction, is judged acceptable by most publishers, reviewers, and readers when it reads fluently, when the absence of any linguistic or stylistic peculiarities makes it seem transparent, giving the appearance that it reflects the foreign writers personality or intention or the essential meaning of the foreign text--the appearance, in other words, that the translation is not, in fact, a translation, but the original. The illusion of transparency is an effect of fluent discourse, of the translators effort to ensure easy readability by adhering to current usage, maintaining continuous syntax, fixing a precise meaning. What is so remarkable here is that this illusory effect conceals the numerous conditions under which the translation is made . . .. (Lawrence Venuti, The Translators Invisibility: A History of Translation. Routledge, 1995) The Process of Translation Here, then, is the full process of translation. At one point we have a writer in a room, struggling to approximate the impossible vision that hovers over his head. He finishes it, with misgivings. Some time later we have a translator struggling to approximate the vision, not to mention the particulars of language and voice, of the text that lies before him. He does the best he can but is never satisfied. And then, finally, we have the reader. The reader is the least tortured of this trio, but the reader too may very well feel that he is missing something in the book, that through sheer ineptitude he is failing to be a proper vessel for the book’s overarching vision. (Michael Cunningham, Found in Translation. The New York Times, Oct. 2, 2010) The Untranslatable Just as there are no exact synonyms within a language (big does not mean precisely the same as large), there are no exact matches for words or expressions across languages. I can express the notion four year old male uncastrated domesticated reindeer in English. But our tongue lacks the economy of information packaging found in Tofa, a nearly extinct tongue I studied in Siberia. Tofa equips reindeer herders with words like chary with the above meaning. Furthermore, that word exists within a multidimensional matrix that defines the four salient (for the Tofa people) parameters of reindeer: age, sex, fertility, and rideability. Words are untranslateable because [they] do not exist in a flat, alphabetised dictionary style list, but rather in a richly structured taxonomy of meaning. They are defined by their oppositions to and similarities to multiple other words--in other words, the cultural backdrop. (K. David Harrison, linguist at Swarthmore College, in Seven Questions for K. David Ha rrison. The Economist, Nov. 23, 2010)

What is a Hero Essay - 1140 Words

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a hero is â€Å"a man who exhibits extraordinary bravery, firmness, fortitude, or greatness of soul, in any course of action, or in connection with any pursuit, work, or enterprise; a man admired and venerated for his achievements and noble qualities.† Throughout history there has often been a need for such a human. The epic poem Beowulf narrates the story of a hero named Beowulf who rescues Denmark from several monsters that terrorize it: Grendel and his mother, and later, a dragon. In doing so, he becomes a heroic figure. In addition to his unique birth and purpose, Beowulf performs many impossible feats, and truly is devoted to Denmark in his last breaths. In contrast, the Holy Bible tells the†¦show more content†¦As it has been used in this context as such, it is possible that lines 943-945 are addressing the fact that Beowulf was given as a gift from the Lord of Ages. Regardless if she is a virgin or not, it is clear th at Beowulf’s life–like Christ’s—was given by God. God, however, did not grant these live without reason; indeed, both Beowulf and Christ were born to serve a specific purpose. Beowulf is born to rescue the Danes from Grendel, who routinely attacks its mead-hall called Heorot. In the beginning of the poem, when Hrothgar is talking to Wulfgar, he says that the â€Å"Holy God has, in His goodness, guided him [Beouwulf] here to the West-Danes, to defend us from Grendel† (381-383). No other but Beowulf can defeat Grendel. In Unferth’s speech, he says that, â€Å"no one has ever outlasted an entire night against Grendel† (527-528). This passage confirms that Beowulf is the only solution to the Danes’ problem. Likewise, Christ is the only man â€Å"Who gave himself for our sin, that he might deliver us from this present evil world, according to the will of God and our father† (Gal. 1.4). His purpose on Earth was to die on the cross for our sins. Every human is born in sin (Rom. 3.23), and consequently, ev eryone is destined to die (Rom. 6.23). God’s remedy to this was to give his son, Christ, to die for the sins of the world so that â€Å"†¦whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life† (John. 3.16). His life on Earth served a greater purpose: it allowed allShow MoreRelatedWhat a hero is1160 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word hero is spoken, everyone has different thoughts. Some will think of super powers like flying and saving people from villains; while others have a certain person they know or have heard of that come to mind who have done something to make a difference in the lives of others but who is a hero to you? To answer this question you must first ask yourself what a hero is; what comes to your mind when someone says the word. When I am confronted with these questions I always have the sameRead MoreWhat Makes A Hero Or Hero?812 Words   |  4 Pagesthat man may be, in essence, a hero. Because of this stereotypical â€Å"heroà ¢â‚¬ , we do not see the real heroes in life. What really IS a hero or heroine? A hero is what we make of them, although some are undeserving of this title. We make a hero. You, me, society; we all make heroes. We give them this title. Heroes are role models, and role models, in my eyes, should possess three very significant qualities. Courage, humbleness, and morality; these form a hero. The classic hero. Ah, he’s brave and bold. HeRead MoreHero Essay : What Makes A Hero A Hero?832 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Makes a Hero a Hero? As I have recently sat down with my grandmother, Mary, I asked her questions about a hero and herself being a hero. My grandmother has such an impact on me in daily life along with being a personal hero to me. She is such an inspiration to me in so many ways that I could never think of taking for granted. I chose my grandmother as my hero because of obstacles I have faced, she was the one to show me the love and support I was in need of at the time. Mary shows theRead MoreWhat Makes A Hero?1168 Words   |  5 PagesSuperman, Abraham Lincoln, Gandhi, what do these three have in common? They’re all heroes. But what truly is a hero? Is it one who wins independence for his country, or one that helps an old lady cross the street? And should we aspire to be like this person? Using Brecht’s Life of Galileo, Beethoven’s Heiligenstadt Testament and Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, we’ll attempt to answer that question. A hero typically in today’s culture is considered as someone who is admired for his courage and otherRead MoreWhat is a Hero? Essay528 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is a Hero? There are many types of heroes (such as the ones in comic books, myths, movies, or even just everyday life heroes) but all of them have perseverance when they’re going through a conflict. Heroes are role models and they’re people that we look up too. They all have unique and special qualities that make one another different from each other. For example policemen battle crime everyday and when they’re overcoming a conflict they have determination, courage and other traits that peopleRead MoreWhat Makes a Hero?1209 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a Hero? What is a hero? What makes him or her different from everyone else? In Phillip Zimbardo’s article â€Å"What Makes a Hero?† he states that heroes surround us. One in five or 20 percent of people qualify as heroes. Seventy-two percent of people report helping another person in a dangerous emergency. Sixteen percent report whistle blowing on an injustice. Six percent report sacrificing for a non-relative or stranger and fifteen percent report defying an unjust authority (1). AlthoughRead More What Is A Hero? Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough their determination and unselfish deeds. However, we may not notice some of society’s other heroes. One such heroic person that comes to my mind is Arnold Schwarzenegger. Many people perceive Arnold as only a blockbuster movie star and not as the hero he truly is. People see the glittery and glamorous fascade of the actor but not the truly heroic acts of the humanitarian. Through his charity work, Arnold has truly touch ed the lives of those who are less fortunate. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ThereRead MoreWhat Makes A Hero?1541 Words   |  7 Pages What is a hero? Is it superman? Is it your mom or dad? Is it your teacher? There are many people that are considered heroes. Some are just every day people, and some are super-human. Characteristics of heroes vary from era to era. Now people who are just simply a good person are considered a hero. But, back in ancient times to become a hero took much more. It took honesty, wisdom, and in some cases, wealth and superhuman abilities. With time new stories and beliefs are uncovered. In ancientRead MoreWhat Makes A Hero?934 Words   |  4 Pages Most people have theories on what makes a hero a hero. Many authors over time have created books, comics and so forth on heroes and what they feel makes them the hero. There are also the ancient legends and myths from all over the world. So what is it that makes them a hero? Well Joseph Campbell has a pretty good outline of what he thinks should define a hero. A hero is a person who in some way breaks the molds of a normal huma n being. Their wisdom, courage, and durability ect. exceedsRead MoreWhat Makes a Hero1664 Words   |  7 Pages2011 What Makes A Hero What makes a hero? Saving a puppy from a burning building? Or what about being a single mother raising three kids and working two jobs? Both of these could be good candidates for heroes since they both possess the characteristic of strength—not just physical strength, but mental strength. This is one of the most important traits of a hero but it is not the only one. Courage, intelligence, and morality are also necessary in order to really get penciled in to the â€Å"hero† category

History of Federation of Malaya free essay sample

The Federation of Malaya (Malay: Persekutuan Tanah Melayu) is the name given to a federation of 11 states (nine Malay states and two of the British Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca) that existed from 1 February 1948 until 16 September 1963. The Federation became independent on 31 August 1957. It was reconstituted as Malaysia with the addition in 1963 of Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak. History After World War 2, the British came again to Malaya and Britain suggested the formation of the Malayan Union. Malayan Union not only took away the power of the Malays over their nation, but also the rights that belong to the Malays. Then, the people of Malayan Union started to realise that their country has to be ruled by their own people and not to be ruled by other people of other nations. Due to opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states in 1st of February 1948. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Federation of Malaya or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The British government and Malaya leaders signing the agreement of establishing Federation of Malaya at King’s House, Kuala Lumpur. Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang and Malacca remained British colonial territories. Like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, despite its traditional connections with Malaya. The Federation achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957. In 1963, the Federation was reconstituted as Malaysia when it federated with the British territories of Singapore, Sarawak, and British North Borneo (renamed Sabah); the latter territory was claimed to be a part of the Sultanate of Sulu. Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent republic on 9 August 1965. Agreement of Federation The Federation of Malaya Agreement was formulated by the British–Malay Pleno Conference between June and December 1946. At the end of the meeting, the Pleno Conference produced a 100-page Blue Book. The Federation of Malaya Agreement was signed on 21 January 1948 at King House by the Malay rulers, and by Sir Edward Gent as the representative of the British government. The Agreement superseded the Agreement creating the Malayan Union, and prepared for the establishment of the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948. The position of the Malay rulers was also restored. As with the Malayan Union, the Federation excluded Singapore, despite its traditional links to Malaya. List of member states * Johore * Kedah * Kelantan * Malacca * Negeri Sembilan * Pahang * Penang * Perak * Perlis * Selangor * Terengganu System of Government The government of the Federation of Malaya was headed by a British High Commissioner with executive powers, assisted and advised by the Federation of Malaya Executive Council and the Federation of Malaya Legislative Council. * The Federation of Malaya Executive Council comprised 7 official and 7 unofficial members. The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council comprised the High Commissioner as the Council President, 14 official and 50 unofficial members representing the Straits Settlements, business groups and all races. Additionally, 9 State Council Yang Di Pertua (heads of state), Chief Ministers and 2 representatives from the Straits Settlements became unofficial members. * The Malay Conference of Rulers would advise the High Commissioner on immigration issues. The British Resident was replaced with a Chief Minister in each state of the federation. Conditions of citizenship The conditions of citizenship of the Federation of Malaya were further tightened using law enforcement and naturalization by application. Under the laws, the following were automatically granted citizenship: 1. Citizens of the Sultan of any state 2. British citizens born in Penang or Malacca who have lived continuously for 15 years in the federation 3. British citizens born in the federation whose fathers were born or lived continuously for 15 years in the federation 4. Anyone born in the federation, conversant in the Malay language and following Malay traditions in his or her daily life 5. Anyone born in the federation whose parents were born and lived continuously for 15 years in the federation Via naturalization (by application), one could achieve citizenship, given these criteria: 1. Born and lived for at least 8 of 12 years in the Federation of Malaya before the application was made 2. Lived in the Federation of Malaya for at least 15 of 20 years before the application was made In both cases (via naturalization), applications must be well-behaved, swear allegiance and clarify their reasons for living in the federation, and are fluent in either the Malay or the English language. The Federation of Malaya, through its constitution, guarantees the rights and special position of the Malay people as well as rights, powers and sovereignty of the Malay rulers in their respective states. Separation of powers of the federal and state governments The federation agreement Perjanjian Persekutuan set the powers of the federal and state governments. Financial matters must be handled by the respective states. The Sultan was given full power on religious issues and Malay customs. Foreign policy and defense continued to be administered by the British government.

The Greenhouse Effect Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Greenhouse Effect Argumentative Essay The Greenhouse EffectThis essay is going to describe what the greenhouse effect is andwhat it does.It is also going to say what causes the greenhouse effect and theconsequences of it. What is meant by the term the greenhouse effect is that the heatfrom the sun comes into the Earths atmosphere and cannot get out so becomestrapped.It gets its name because this is very much like a greenhouse.This effectoccurs as the incoming short wave radiation is changed when it hits the Earthssurface into long wave or infra-red radiation.Heat energy in this form is thenabsorbed and stored in water vapour and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We will write a custom essay on The Greenhouse Effect Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many different things cause the greenhouse effect. The amount ofcarbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increased by 0.4 percent each year becauseof the massive consumption of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Another contributing factor is the the amount of forest logged, every second ofthe day the area of a football field in trees is cleared by either being loggedor burnt. Two other deadly greenhouse gasses which are entering the atmosphereeven faster than carbon dioxide are methane and chloroflourocarbons, althoughthey are not as damaging in the long run. These increases are likely to affect worldwide temperaturesdramatically. In 100 years time the average temperature for most parts of theworld will increase from between 2C to 6C if greenhouse pollution continues atits present rate. This temperature increase would drastically affect the growthof many different crops and cause the polar ice caps to melt, thus increasingsea levels to rise up to several metres. If this rise in sea level was to occurmany areas would be much more prone to flooding, and generally much deeperfloods than would be expected nowdays. This flooding would happen paricularlyaround coastal regions worldwide, and also along many rivers that flow to orfrom coastal inlets. The greenhouse effect is very important because it leads to risingwater levels and temperatures which can have a large effect on the worldsclimate.Changes in the climate can lead to significant changes in agriculturalindustries.This can lead to good farmland becoming deserts, make it too hot forsome crops to grow or let pests and diseases thrive.As a result some countriescan suffer bad economic conditions and people will have to move.Some low lyingcountries such as those on the Pacific islands or Holland could have a lot offlooding and a lot of money would need to be spent building sea walls and leveebanks to stop flooding.For these reasons it is very important to carefullymanage the greenhouse effect by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide going intothe air and planting more trees.

Beowulf Questions Essays

Beowulf Questions Essays Beowulf Questions Essay Beowulf Questions Essay Question 1 What is the name of the castle where the first few sections of the poem take place? | | Heorot| | | Camelot| | | Wulfing| | | Hrothgar| Question 2 Who is the king at the beginning of the poem? | | Unferth| | | Hrothgar| | | Heorot| | | Beowulf| Question 3 Grendel is a descendant of what Biblical figure? | | Samson| | | Cain| | | Lucifer| | | Noah| Question 4 Where do the people make offerings to try to get aid from Grendels attacks? | | Muslim mosques| | | Pagan shrines| | | Catholic cathedrals| | | Jewish temples| Question 5 Beowulf arrives to help the Danes | On foot| | | On horseback| | | On the back of a dragon| | | By ship| Question 6 Which character is jealous of Beowulf? | | Hygelac| | | Wealhthow| | | Unferth| | | Hrothgar| Question 7 During the feast, Beowulf describes what kind of contest in which he competed against Breca? | | Swimming| | | Running| | | Jousting| | | Storytelling| Question 8 How long is Beowulf king of Geatland before the dragon wakes? | | 50 years| | | 10 years| | | 25 years| | | 5 years| Question 9 What wakes the dragon? | | Grendels mother wakes the dragon to help her fight Beowulf. | | An intruder handles and removes a gem-studded goblet from the dragons lair. | | | Beowulf confronts the sleeping dragon in his lair. | | | The dragons eggs begin to hatch. | Question 10 Where does the dragons treasure come from? | | It is the cache of a highborn race of people who have all died. | | | It is Beowulfs inheritance from King Hygelac. | | | It belonged to the dragons father. | | | It belongs to Hrothgar and the Danes. | Question 11 What is the dragons primary weapon when he attacks the homesteads? | | His sharp talons| | | The fire that he breathes| | A sword that belonged to the ancient gods| | | Unferths sword Hrunting| Question 12 What does the dragon destroy that upsets Beowulf? | | Beowulfs home| | | Beowulfs armor| | | The castle Heorot| | | The tree of life| Question 13 Who volunteers to fight t he dragon? | | Unferth| | | Hygelac| | | Hrothgar| | | Beowulf| Question 14 What weapon finally kills the dragon? | | A dagger| | | A cannon| | | Bare hands| | | A torch| Question 15 What regret does Beowulf express as he is dying? | | He was unable to kill the dragon. | | | He never married. | | | He is leaving the Geats penniless. | | | He never had a son. |

Energy saver Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy saver - Research Paper Example Literature Review During the 2008 presidential election campaign green energy became an important issue as never before in presidential elections. Both the candidates strongly supported an economy which gave strong support for green energy over fossil energy. The difference lay in that John McCain favored the use of market-based approaches towards this objective Obama emphasized the use of governmental initiatives. (2). Thus progress towards greater use of green energy under the Obama administration would depend on the governmental initiatives put in place and the support levels and success of these initiatives. On Inauguration Day the keenness of the Obama administration can be seen in these words of the White House, â€Å"the energy challenges our country faces are seve3re and have gone unaddressed for a long time. Our addiction to foreign oil doesn’t just undermine our national security and wreak havoc on our environment – it cripples our economy and strains the bud gets of working families all across America. President Obama and Vice President Biden have a comprehensive plan to invest in alternative and renewable energy, and end our addiction to foreign oil, address the global climate crisis and create millions of new jobs. (3, p.64). Words were translated into action by the Obama administration. ... (4). Towards this end the EPA was asked to look into California’s long standing request to set strict tailpipe emissions to restrict the greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the Department of Transport to develop the regulations to enable the implementation of a 2007 law that required elevated fuel efficiency benchmarks for automobiles and light commercial vehicles by the year 2020. (3). Within the first month of assuming office the Obama administration got the economic stimulus bill passed by Congress. The bill though targeting the severe recession faced by the country, contained several important provisions towards the green energy and environment initiatives. $45 billion within the historic $787 billion bill was meant for energy efficiency, alternate energy programs ad tax breaks towards the use of green energy. $20 billion was set aside for the development of renewable energy power, while $18 billion was meant for environmental projects, and $2 billion towards R&D for ca rbon capture and storage. Tax cuts of up to $7,500 were also provided for those purchasing plug-in hybrid cars. (3). While these initial successes may point to the Obama administration succeeding in its drive towards growing dependence on green energy and lowering dependence on imported oil, the going has become tough, because of the bi-partisan politics involved in it. The Republican party as demonstrated by the John McCain is more oriented to market corrections to lead the way in energy dependence (2). This means that there will hardly any support from the party towards the policy and actions of the Obama administration for increasing use of green energy through government action. This will

IFRS and GAAP Convergence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IFRS and GAAP Convergence - Essay Example When the financial statements are available in annual reports, it is the responsibility of the managers to evaluate and discuss results of company performance. External parties use these financial statements to analyze the company’s financial performance. Therefore, external users of financial statements are requires to be familiar with the tools and techniques which are used in financial performance analysis (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2010, p.1270). Financial analysis includes the analysis of income statement and the assets and liabilities in the balance sheet. It can be done by implementing various tools and techniques such as: common size financial statements, comparative financial statements, ratio analysis, trend analysis, fund flow statement and cash flow statement (Murthy and Gurusamy, 2009, pp.8-9). Accounting Convergence A single set of global accounting standards has to be developed that would be used internationally for international and domestic financial report ing. In order to persuade this practice, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) and the US Financial accounting Standard Board (FASB) signed a memorandum of understanding, honoring their commitment towards the convergence of International Accounting Standards and the U.S. ... After the IASB and FASB liberated their disclosure draft on revenue recognition, they got many comments which include the lack of transparency about the transfer of control of services, the accounting for warranties, difficulties in recognizing and separating performance obligations, and the model proposed for licenses of intellectual property. It is found that the proposed standard will cause in the considerable shift in how revenues is documented in many situations. Most respondents believe that the proposed standard will have high impact on their financial reporting and in the process of implementing this standard, additional technology and resources will be required. More or less 41% of the respondent agrees upon the implementation of the IFRS in either 2015 or 2016. Difference between U.S. GAAP and IFRS There are many differences between the U.S GAAP and IFRS rules regarding the revenue recognition, provisions and contingencies, income taxes, leases, financial instruments, intan gible assets, interim financial reporting, and the financial statement presentation. But the most important difference would be in the financial statement presentation. Under the US GAAP rules, normally comparative financial statements are prepared, though a single year may be accessible in certain events. For the public companies, balance sheets for the two most current years are needed, whereas other statements must contain three year period which should be ended on the balance sheet date. Under IFRS rules, comparative information must be revealed with respect to the prior period for all amounts which are shown in the financial statements. Under US GAAP rules,